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Although many doctors and
researchers have noted that emotion and belief systems play a part, perhaps a major part,
in health and illness, Western medicine is just beginning to consider such
non-physiological factors in the treatment of disease. Emotion, beliefs, and other
non-physical qualities, such as creativity, intuition, and wisdom, originate in the
dynamic chaos of the energy field, the aura, the vital life energy that surrounds and
permeates each physical body. Each energy field constantly interacts with the fields of
other living beings and with stimuli in the environment. Everything that affects the body
must first pass through this field. Some of the information contained in the field enters
our awareness via our senses, thoughts, or intuition. Much of the information, however,
remains hidden, affecting the choices we make and our physiology. In her study of the
human energy field, Dr. Valerie Hunt recorded brain waves, blood pressure changes,
galvanic skin responses, heartbeat, and muscle contractions of subjects while aura readers
observed changes in the energy field. Hunt states that changes occurred in the field
before any of the other systems changes. (See Review, TLfDP #150, p. 124-26).
At the core of all matter lies
energy, and the human body is no different. The energy body is a template for the physical
body. Emotional energy resonates with life experiences, personal and professional
relationships, and belief systems and becomes literally encoded in cell tissue. According
to neurobiologist Candace Pert, emotionally-charged thoughts and experiences cause the
body to manufacture different neuropeptides, chemicals triggered by emotions. Researchers
at the Institute of HeartMath (Boulder, Colorado) found that heartful emotions (even
emotions associated with memories) raise DHEA and IgA levels while negative emotions lower
both. However we use our life energy, whether we use it to promote bitterness and fear or
joy and love, manifests in our biology. Prolonged dissonance or weakness in the field
leads to physical symptoms and, sometimes, to illness. Cure, without remission, depends
upon relieving the disturbed energetics that underlie the physical condition. How does one
address energetic factors that cannot be weighed, viewed under a microscope, or predicted?
In this article, I hope to provide some guidelines or, at least, to stimulate an expanded
view of health.
Many natural health techniques
benefit the energy body as well as the physical one. Whole foods are rich with
electromagnetic energy. Exercise, deep breathing, chigong, Tai Chi, yoga, gardening,
walking barefoot on earth, and prayer and meditation strengthen the energy field.
Acupuncture, homeopathy, flower essences, deep muscle massage like Rolfing, Therapeutic
Touch, Reiki, sound therapy, and other forms of energy medicine strive to address
imbalances and blocks at the energy level of the body. These energy therapies can nudge an
incoherent field into normalcy. Love, compassion, forgiveness are also powerful healing
forces. Many doctors are aware that spiritual, mental, and emotional factors play a major
role in illness and health; but, their training has emphasized the physical, and they
often feel at a loss as to how to address the spirit.
Medical intuitive Caroline Myss
(pronounced Mace), who has worked for many years with C. Norman Shealy, MD, teaches about
non-physical factors that affect health and spirit. In her book Anatomy of the Spirit and
in taped lectures, Myss discusses a framework for addressing spiritual needs and lessons
that affect well-being. As I reviewed her work, I found guidelines for maintaining health
of the energy body, just as natural medicine has basic principles for physical health.
Caroline Myss became a medical
intuitive in January 1982, after a spontaneous out-of-body experience. She had never
desired healing powers; this new ability was very much an unwelcome, although intriguing,
gift that she preferred to keep hidden. Grand Design had other plans. When she moved to
New Hampshire to start Stillpoint Publishing with two partners, word spread about the
insights that popped into her head whenever she heard about someone who was ill. People
began to ask her to use her intuition to assess their health. Myss was extremely
uncomfortable with her new therapeutic role; she did not like the responsibility that
accompanied it, and she worried about the reliability of this talent. "In those early
days the impressions I received," she explains in Anatomy of the Spirit, "were
mainly of a person's immediate physical health and the related emotional or psychological
stress. But I could also see the energy surrounding that person's body. I saw it filled
with information about that person's history."
In May 1984, C. Norman Shealy,
MD, neurosurgeon, developer of TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation device
for pain relief), and founder of the American Holistic Medical Association, decided to
test her. He called with a patient's name and age. Myss responded with images since she
did not know physiology. Over the next year, Shealy called for more evaluations and helped
her learn anatomy so that she could describe her perceptions with greater precision. Her
years as an "apprentice intuitive" (1983-1989) and then as a professional
intuitive, who worked with fifteen different physicians including Shealy and Christiane
Northrup, taught her that no illness develops randomly.
Myss reviewed the intuitive
assessments she had made over the years (primarily for adults), looking for emotional and
psychological patterns among the various illnesses. Eventually, Myss presented these
patterns in The Creation of Health (Stillpoint 1988), a book that she co-authored with
Shealy (Reviewed inTLfDP #89, p.817+ & #125, p. 1260-62). These patterns give
practitioners a place to start when trying to figure out the energetics of a patient's
condition. For example, Myss says that chronic fatigue syndrome, energetically a disorder
of the first chakra, affects people who feel very vulnerable and insecure. These people
try to be all things to all people, and they connect to more people and projects than they
have energy for. They finance too many people and/or projects with their energy, and the
immune system weakens. The energetic component of cancer consists of unfinished or
incomplete business. People with cancer tend to be more connected to the past than to the
present. When energy is used to keep one's past alive instead of in the present where it
is needed to maintain cell tissue, malignancy develops.
Wherever thought goes, energy
and life force follow. Many of us are aware of energy circuits in the form of emotional
ties and bonding to other human beings and to pets. We are less aware of how much energy
we spend on past injuries, regrets, and losses. The thoughts that occupy one's mind
indicate where energy is flowing. When thoughts contain an underlying fear of loss or
over-identification with an object or person, energy is being lost. Being
"hooked" on people or objects in a way that causes one to lose power means that
"energy circuits are so thoroughly connected to the target that they no longer have
the use of their own reasoning ability." (See Figure 1)
How do we disconnect our energy
circuits from people or objects that sap energy? The first step is awareness. Check in
often and notice where your thoughts are. Are they with you in the present, or have they
drifted off to the past, the future, or with some person or object? Next, mentally cut the
connection and literally call your spirit back. Calling one's spirit back is not a
one-time event; it's a practice. (I speak from experience.) Counseling can be helpful for
those struggling to let go of harmful attachments. Benefit from counseling can be enhanced
by using flower essences, which work at the energy level to bring emotions and mental
patterns to conscious awareness so that they can be released. "From an energy point
of view, every choice that enhances our spirits strengthens our energy field; and the
stronger our energy field, the fewer our connections to negative people and
experiences," writes Myss. How do we know what enhances our spirits? Follow whatever
intuitively feels good, has good "vibes," stirs up enthusiasm, and sends the
soul, as Bernie Siegel says, "live messages." Illness can develop because a
person is too negative - dwells on resentments, guilt, or burdensome thoughts to an extent
that the negativity harms his/her biological well-being. Unless negative emotions,
thoughts, beliefs, and/or negative use of one's personal power are released, energy
dysfunction will continue; and, illness and physical symptoms are likely to recur. Not
everyone who becomes sick is responding to too much negativity in his/her field. For some,
illness signifies the beginning of a spiritual journey. It presents a challenge that will
encourage them to develop and grow in spirit.
Although people often blame
themselves for becoming ill, Myss does not believe that such blame is accurate or fair.
Myss says we are beginning to get a vision of co-creating our reality; but, except for
holy people like Sai Baba, we are not capable of that kind of control. Although we cannot
control what happens to us, we can affect the quality of our response. Rather than blame
oneself or dwell on "why me," both of which drain energy, the focus can be on
what can be learned through this experience. How can I lighten my emotional life and
enliven my soul? Many people who ultimately die from a disease find the journey to death a
tremendously healing experience because of their attitude and the many opportunities to
forgive, make amends, and release old patterns. Blame, even self-blame, depletes one's
energy field. Forgiveness restores it.
Anatomy
of the Spirit Few pay as much attention to their energy as they do to physical
needs and pains. Myss wrote her book Anatomy of the Spirit to encourage people to think of
themselves as energy beings as well as physical ones. The energy body, or spirit, is
primarily expressed through seven important chakras, energy centers, located near the
central nervous system. Eastern medicine has long recognized the existence of chakras,
which are located in joints, nerve ganglion, and endocrine glands, and of meridians,
energy pathways that run along the body's surface. Eastern spiritual tradition identifies
each of the seven chakras with specific challenges that arise during the quest for
spiritual consciousness. The first chakra, at the base of the spine, relates to the
material world. The second chakra, just below the belly button, deals with creation
energy, sexuality, work, and physical desire. The third chakra, at the solar plexus, holds
lessons concerning the ego, personality, and self-esteem. The fourth chakra lies at the
heart and contains lessons about forgiveness, compassion, and love. The fifth chakra, at
the base of the throat, relates to the use of will and self-expression. The sixth chakra,
or "third eye" in the center of the forehead, deals with wisdom, insight, and
intuition. The lessons of the crown chakra at the top of the head concern spirituality.
After several years of
conducting intuitive evaluations, Myss realized that she was unconsciously focusing on the
seven main chakras. For some time, she puzzled over the chakras and Eastern spiritual
tradition. If this path held truth for all humans, why didn't Western spiritual tradition
have an equivalent? One day she wrote the seven chakras on a board for a workshop that she
was teaching. Before her eyes, Myss saw the seven sacraments of the Catholic church float
into place, corresponding to the seven chakras, soon joined by the ten sefirot of the
Jewish Kabbalah or Tree of Life. These ten qualities have traditionally been organized
into seven levels. Myss' unfamiliarity with the Islam tradition prevented her from
including it in her book. Myss notes that "[w]hereas the sacraments and the chakras
begin with the base as the number one and count upward, the ten sefirot begin with the
number one at the top...and flows downwardÉthe qualities attributed to each of the seven
levels are virtually identical." Learning to embody these qualities while facing
life's challenges is the essence of the spiritual journey. Viewing illness and crises as a
chance to exercise these spiritual truths brings a level of meaning to the experience that
accelerates healing.
Myss says that, energetically,
disease begins in the lower three chakras, the ones that deal with external power.
Unresolved conflicts with one's family and/or tribe (any group to which one belongs that
provides a feeling of security), feelings of vulnerability about survival and access to
life necessities, and being ruled by what "they" say instead of remaining true
to one's path, create discord in the first chakra. Anatomically, the first chakra relates
to physical body support, the base of the spine, legs, bones, feet, rectum, and the immune
system. The people developing the autoimmune disease AIDS, says Myss, are those who feel
victimized by their society (homosexuals and drug addicts) or who have feelings of
vulnerability about survival (the poor of Africa). Self-respect, a sense of personal
honor, feeds strong positive energy to the root chakra, bones, legs, and immune system.
The first chakra, also, asks us to honor the tribe/family we were born into - even if
life's journey has pushed us to move on.
The second chakra gets
disrupted by stifled creative energy, money and sexual conflicts, power struggles, life
energy directed into dead-end relationships or jobs, and control tactics that do not
follow the rule to "Honor One Another." This chakra holds instances of
prostitution, rape, and incest, both the literal traumas and the more common energetic
occurrences. Many men and women become aware, at some point in their lives, of remaining
in a disempowering situation for money or physical security, prostituting their energy. We
are less aware of the energetic equivalents of rape and incest that come in the form of
verbal abuse and destructive, disempowering attitudes that we direct towards others or
vice versa. "Rape and incest of an energy field," writes Myss, "are
motivated by the desire to cripple a person's ability to be independent and thrive outside
the control of another person."
Physical organs most affected
by second chakra issues include sexual organs, large intestine, lower vertebrae, pelvis,
appendix, bladder, and hip area. Fear of losing control and fear of power can eventually
manifest as ailments such as chronic pain in the lower back and pelvic area, arthritis,
prostate or ovarian cancer, impotency, and bladder problems. Learning to honor others,
instead of trying to control or dominate them, eases much of the struggle held in the
second chakra. "The spiritual challenge of the second chakra," says Myss,
"is to learn to interact consciously with others: to form unions with people who
support our development and to release relationships that handicap our growth."
The lesson of the third chakra
is about self-responsibility and self-respect. This chakra houses both survival intuition,
which warns of danger and negative action or energy coming from others, and self-esteem,
without which intuitive guidance is ignored and discounted. Myss has found that depression
often originates when people lose self-respect because they have broken a promise to
themselves. Issues concerning self-responsibility, caring for oneself and others,
self-esteem, fear of rejection, and an over-sensitivity to criticism eventually manifest
as ailments in the abdomen, stomach, upper intestines, liver, gallbladder, kidney,
pancreas, adrenal glands, spleen, and middle spine. Myss has also found that arthritis,
anorexia, and bulimia often relate to third chakra issues. The third chakra demands that
we honor ourselves and that we respect the everyday survival information we receive from
our intuition.
Valerie Hunt refers to the
third chakra as the emotional body, the area through which emotions located in the aura,
such as fear and anger, enter the body. One of my many, favorite stories in Myss' Anatomy
of the Spirit illustrates fear and the third chakra. When Myss met Ruth, the 75 year-old,
Jewish woman was confined to a wheelchair because of arthritis. Ruth was 38 when her
husband died, leaving her with two daughters to raise. Afraid of being alone and being
responsible for herself, Ruth said that she did everything she could "to keep my
daughters near me so I would never have to take care of myself." When her older
daughter joined a Buddhist community at age 22, Ruth kept asking "After all I've
given up for you, how could you do this to me?" Finally, in one such conversation,
the daughter admitted, in response to Ruth's accusation, that she had tried drugs. On
impulse, Ruth asked her daughter to get her some.
At age 55, Ruth took LSD and
had an out-of-body experience, in which she met "a lovely being who said she was my
angel. She complained to me, 'Ruthie, Ruthie, do you know how difficult it is to be your
angel?'" Ruth saw a replica of herself bound with thousands of rubber bands; and, the
angel told her that each rubber band was a fear that was controlling her: "You have
so many fears that you can never hear me trying to talk to you, to tell you that I've got
everything under control." The angel handed Ruth a pair of scissors and suggested
that she free herself - which Ruth did with great delight. Before Ruth returned to her
body, the angel let Ruth see the future in which she would be crippled with arthritis.
"She couldn't tell me why I would have to endure this condition, just that I would
have to. But she said she would be with me every step of the way," Ruth told Myss.
"[A]fter that experience I never felt afraid again. I believe that my physical
condition [which began about 10 years after the out-of-body experience] is a way to remind
me never to have fear." In giving her condition meaning, Ruth turned a handicap into
a source of inspiration.
The fourth chakra, the heart
chakra, contains lessons about love, commitment, compassion, forgiveness and about hatred,
resentment, bitterness, grief, anger, loneliness, and self-centerness. Holding onto the
negative emotions, whether they are directed towards oneself or others, or intentionally
causing pain for other people saps life energy from body and soul. Fear, also, drains and
disrupts heart energy. Fear of loneliness, commitment, betrayal, fear of the inability to
protect oneself emotionally, and of 'following one's heart' contribute to dysfunctions
involving the heart and circulatory system, lungs, upper back, shoulders and arms, ribs,
breasts, diaphragm, thymus gland. Tapping into the energy of love reduces fear. Love is a
potent healing force for body and spirit, as many doctors recognize.
While heart energy resides at
the fourth chakra, the mind and intellect come through the sixth chakra, located at the
center of the forehead. Feelings of inadequacy, unwillingness to self-examine one's fears
and shadows, and fear of truth contribute to physical dysfunctions involving the brain,
nervous system, eyes, ears, nose, pineal gland, and pituitary gland. Myss says: "The
energy pulsating from this chakra continually directs us to evaluate the truth and
integrity of our beliefs. As we instinctively know from birth, to have faith in anything
or in anyone that lacks integrity contaminates our spirits and our bodies."
The fifth chakra, positioned at
the base of the throat, acts as a focal point for the heart energy of the fourth chakra
and the mind energy of the sixth chakra. Its energy relates to willpower and the power of
choice, the most basic manifestation of self-expression. Every area of our lives,
including health and illness, is directly affected by the choices we make and how we make
them. Clear decisions and true authority, as epitomized by King Solomon, come when the
truth and wisdom of the sixth chakra is supported and in agreement with the emotional
power of the heart chakra.
Before we make a choice, we
often experience a contest, a struggle, between the emotional and mental sides of
ourselves. That struggle disrupts the throat chakra. Prolonged disruption can manifest as
physical dysfunctions that involve the throat, thyroid, trachea, neck vertebrae, mouth,
teeth and gums, esophagus, parathyroid, and hypothalamus. Such disruptions also play a
role in addiction. Without the balance and joined power of head and heart, the will lacks
a leader to follow; so, it goes out in search of something to pledge its energy to, taking
the form of an addiction. In her book, Myss writes: "The symbolic challenge of the
Willpower chakra is to progress through the maturation of will: from the tribal perception
that everyone and everything around you has authority over you; through the perception
that you alone have authority over you; to the final perception, that true authority comes
from aligning yourself to God's will."
The seventh chakra, at the
crown of the head, relates to values, courage, humanitarianism, and the ability to see a
larger pattern. It is the chakra of inspiration, spirituality and devotion, and the
ability to trust life. Its lessons aim to teach us how to live in the present moment.
According to Myss, energy therapies, such as reflexology, acupuncture, and homeopathy are
treatments of present time. People whose energy is tied to the past do not receive much
benefit from these therapies. They must first call their energy into the present by
releasing the past through forgiveness of others, oneself, or an experience. Extreme
sensitivities to light, sound, and other environmental factors, chronic exhaustion that is
not linked to a physical disorder, and mystical depression that comes when one feels
spiritually bereft signify disruptions in the crown chakra.
Caroline Myss' discussion of
these seven chakras gives practitioners a thought-provoking format for working with
non-physical issues that affect health. Integrity, honor, love, forgiveness, and right use
of power fuel the energetic and physical body of all human beings, whether or not they
respond to Eastern, Jewish, or Christian spirituality.
Intuition
After years of doing energetic readings for others, Caroline Myss is now teaching
individuals to use intuition to evaluate their own health. Intuition is not a special
talent or gift. Everyone has gut-level, third chakra intuition, says Myss; it is a
survival skill. Intuition is a spontaneous knowing that tells us to trust or distrust
someone, to be cautious in a given situation or to "go for it!" Intuition is the
means through which we know if we are happy or unhappy about something and if our energy
is being fed, or if it is being drained. Accepting intuitive information and acting on it
requires self-esteem and courage. Self- esteem, like intuition, corresponds to the third
chakra. Honoring intuitive urgings in the smallest matters strengthens self-esteem and
one's trust in the information, making it possible to follow intuitive guidance in more
stressful situations.
Many factors can block
intuition or distort its accuracy. People often discount intuitive guidance, burying the
information beneath rationalization, disbelief, and fear. The information feels
threatening when it conflicts with a person's belief system, tribal loyalties, or desire
for a safe and happy future. Private agendas - the desire to see things in a certain way -
interfere with the reception of energy information. Myss says that one of the biggest
problems that people have in using intuition is the expectation that intuitive guidance
comes loud and clear, as if some angel, standing next to a burning bush, will shout
instructions to them. In reality, intuition comes as simple impulses and urgings: I like
this, I don't like this, Yes, No. As agendas and desires for life to proceed in a desired,
controllable way are released, perception and interpretation of intuitive hunches become
clearer and more accurate. Intuition often urges us to take a frightening leap of faith
into the unknown. Fear and a desire for safe, non-threatening information keep many people
from paying attention to valuable hunches. Intuitive advice does not guarantee a
mistake-free, prosperous, love-filled, happily-ever-after life. It does, however, offer a
means of learning what is true for you as an individual. Energy does not lie, but
interpreting it accurately requires detachment from fear. Myss says: "Most people who
come to me for an evaluation have already intuited themselves that something is wrong....
Their abilities are as accurate as mine; these people know they are ill. But since I do
not share their fear, my intuitions can interpret their data better than they themselves
can." Myss credits this quality of objectivity as being a primary reason behind
Shealy's finding that her diagnoses were correct 93% of the time.
Medical self-diagnosis involves
becoming familiar with a skill we already have. Medical intuition interprets how
electromagnetic information contained in the energy field that surrounds the body is
affecting a person's physical reality, including health. To check one's own energy field,
Myss suggests focusing on each chakra with the question "Am I losing energy
here?" If the answer is affirmative, the next question is "Why am I losing
power?" Grab any image, thought, or impression that occurs. The trick is to examine
these responses, rather than disregard them out of fear or because they don't fit a
preconceived notion. Myss advises her students to regard themselves as information
transmitting and receiving stations, reminding them that when it comes to energy, there
are no secrets.
Why
People Don't Heal Myss' work as a medical intuitive has given her a unique
perspective on the energetics of why people do not heal. Myss says that she used to think
that everyone wanted to be healed. She no longer believes that: "Healing is very
unattractive." Impediments to healing include living in the past, refusal to give up
being a victim ("woundology"), and fear of change. Directing thought and energy
to the past diverts vital life force from existing cells and organs that need that energy
to function and heal. Healing requires living in the present, taking one's energy back
from past traumas and hurts. Myss says that the only reason to nurture the past and keep
it alive is because of bitterness about what happened. Refusing to forgive a past event or
person leaks energy from the body. Forgiveness heals that leak. Myss says that forgiveness
has little to do with no longer blaming others for the wounds that they caused. It has
more to do with "releasing the control that the perception of victimhood has over our
psyches." When we can see a hurtful act as part of life process, as a message or
challenge instead of a personal betrayal, vital energy flows back into the physical body's
energy circuits.
People don't heal, often,
because they have not released the illusion of being a victim. Too often people hold onto
wounds and grief longer than is healthy. Myss points to the many support groups, such as
incest support groups, in our society. Ideally, support groups help the injured make the
transition toward wholeness by providing witnesses who understand their legitimate pain.
Staying in such groups, however, commits one's energy to the wound, to the past. Too
often, people give power to their wounds because they have found that it calls forth
support from others, which is interpreted as nurturing. The wounds become a means of
manipulating and controlling others. Leaving wounds behind and with them all the support
and power that they provide is frightening because, these days, people tend to relate and
bond with others by sharing wounds rather than through strength and love. To walk into the
present without "wound currency" is to walk into an unknown world.
Healing often requires making
changes in one's lifestyle, environment, and relationships. Change can be frightening. In
her book, Myss writes: "It is easy to keep oneself in a holding pattern, claiming
that one does not know what to do next. But that is rarely true. When we are in a holding
pattern, it is because we know exactly what we should do next, but we are terrified to act
on it...change is frightening, and waiting for that feeling of safety to come along before
one makes a move only results in more internal torment because the only way to acquire
that feeling of security is to enter the whirlwind of change and come out the other end,
feeling alive again." Healing demands action. Eating properly, daily exercise, taking
appropriate medicine are actions that support the physical body. Releasing the past,
leaving stressful jobs or relationships, honoring one's own individual truth and gifts,
and meditation/spiritual practice are actions that support the energy body. What supports
the one supports the other because the physical and energetic are inextricably linked.
Even the process of dying, which we all face, can become a very healing act as old wounds
are released and unfinished business with loved ones is resolved.
We can splice genetic material
and track the tiniest proteins, but we have just begun to learn the anatomy of the human
energy field. I urge each practitioner and reader to consider the spiritual needs - love,
forgiveness, integrity, right use of power - that are as important as the food we eat and
vitamins we take. At least, recognize that positive and negative energies are real forces
that affect physiology and that living with gratitude in a way that respects individual
spiritual integrity enlivens body and soul. Philosopher Jacob Needleman in his book The
Way of the Physician wrote: "Since it is knowledge plus vital energy that heals
another, the more knowledge [a practitioner] obtains at the expense of acquiring access to
the higher energies within himself, the worse his life and practice become."
Resources
Anatomy of the Spirit: The Seven Stages of Power & Healing by Caroline Myss, PhD
(Harmony Books). Infinite Mind: The Science of Human Vibrations by Valerie V. Hunt.
(Malibu Publishing Co.). Invoking the Sacred for Healing, Guidance, Abundance &
Relationships (6 audiocassettes of workshop with Caroline Myss and Ron Roth that focuses
on chakras 1-4) Available from Great Lakes Training Associates. Sounds True Audiotaped
lecture series: Anatomy of the Spirit - 2-cassette lecture series with Caroline Myss that
contains a helpful outline of material in her book. Energy Anatomy: The Science of
Personal Power, Spirituality, & Health - 6-cassette lecture series with Caroline Myss
that presents detailed explanation of spiritual anatomy. Why People Don't Heal -
2-cassette lecture with Caroline Myss on links between personal power and illness, wound
symbols, the four steps to healing, and overcoming blocks to wellness. Sounds True
produces taped lectures on psychology, spirituality, meditation, and health.
"Unraveling the Biography in Your Biology - Medical Intuitive Training with Caroline
Myss and C. Norman Shealy" by Richard Leviton. (Intuition, Vol 1, No.4, p26-31)
Intuition Magazine.
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